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The Rails and Django models layer Rosseta stone

20th March, 2010

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The Rails and Django models layer Rosseta stone

By : shabda

Rails Active records and Django models are more similar than they are different. This is a quick guide to converting between Rails 3 and Django 1.2, and is available on github at http://github.com/uswaretech/Acts-as-Django

Defining models

Both Django and Rails keep the canonical database representation in ruby or python.

#Django

class Post(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length = 100, )
    slug = models.CharField(max_length = 100, )
    body = models.TextField()

class Comments(models.Model):
    post = models.ForeignKey(Post)
    username = models.CharField(max_length = 100, )
    comment = models.TextField()

#Rails

#db/schema.rb
ActiveRecord::Schema.define(:version => 20100319195739) do

  create_table "comments", :force => true do |t|
    t.string   "username"
    t.text     "comment"
    t.integer  "post_id"
    t.datetime "created_at"
    t.datetime "updated_at"
  end

  create_table "posts", :force => true do |t|
    t.string   "name"
    t.string   "slug"
    t.text     "body"
    t.datetime "created_at"
    t.datetime "updated_at"
  end

end

#In apps models
class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :comments
end

class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :post
end

The main difference is that Django keeps it one file, while rails has it split over many files. In Django, the foreign key is specified only on the Child model via models.ForeignKey but in Rails both sides of relationship need to be specified via has_many and belongs_to.

Create a object without saving it

In [1]: from blog.models import *

In [2]: post = Post()

In [3]: print post.id
None

irb(main):001:0> post = Post.new
=> #<Post id: nil, name: nil, slug: nil, body: nil, created_at: nil, updated_at: nil>
irb(main):002:0> post.id
=> nil

Set values and save to the database

In [4]: post.name = "Hello"

In [5]: post.slug = "hello"

In [6]: post.body = "Hello, this is a post"

In [8]: post.save()

In [9]: post.id
Out[9]: 1

irb(main):001:0> post = Post.new
=> #<Post id: nil, name: nil, slug: nil, body: nil, created_at: nil, updated_at: nil>
irb(main):002:0> post.id
=> nil
irb(main):003:0> post.name = "Hello"
=> "Hello"
irb(main):004:0> post.slug = "hello"
=> "hello"
irb(main):005:0>  post.body = "Hello, this is a post"
=> "Hello, this is a post"
irb(main):006:0> post.save()
=> true
irb(main):007:0> post.id
=> 2

There is not much to see here, both DJango and Rails create the object in essentially the same way. Until you call save, the objects are not saved to the database.

Find object by the primary key.

In [10]: Post.objects.get(id = 1)
Out[10]: <Post: Post object>

irb(main):008:0> pst = Post.find(2)
=> #<Post id: 2, name: "Hello", slug: "hello", body: "Hello, this is a post", created_at: "2010-03-19 20:11:34", updated_at: "2010-03-19 20:11:34">

What Rails calls find, Django calls get.

More create methods

In [12]: Post.objects.create(name="Hi", slug="hi", body="Hi hi hi.")
Out[12]: <Post: Post object>

irb(main):012:0> Post.create(:name=>"Hi", :slug=>"Hi", :body=>"Hi hi hi")
=> #<Post id: 4, name: "Hi", slug: "Hi", body: "Hi hi hi", created_at: "2010-03-19 20:17:31", updated_at: "2010-03-19 20:17:31">

In [14]: Post.objects.get_or_create(name="Hi")
Out[14]: (<Post: Post object>, False)

irb(main):015:0> Post.find_or_create_by_name("Hi")
=> #<Post id: 4, name: "Hi", slug: "Hi", body: "Hi hi hi", created_at: "2010-03-19 20:17:31", updated_at: "2010-03-19 20:17:31">

You can create in one step without calling save via a create in both Rails and Django. While rails has dynamically named methods, Django accepts named parameters in filter and get_or_create.

More find methods

In [15]: Post.objects.filter(id__in = [1, 2, 3])
Out[15]: [<Post: Post object>, <Post: Post object>]

irb(main):017:0> Post.find(1, 2, 3)
=> [#<Post id: 1, name: nil, slug: nil, body: nil, created_at: "2010-03-19 19:58:31", updated_at: "2010-03-19 19:58:31">, #<Post id: 2, name: "Hello", slug: "hello", body: "Hello, this is a post", created_at: "2010-03-19 20:11:34", updated_at: "2010-03-19 20:11:34">, #<Post id: 3, name: nil, slug: nil, body: nil, created_at: "2010-03-19 20:16:04", updated_at: "2010-03-19 20:16:04">]

In [16]: Post.objects.get(name="Hi")
Out[16]: <Post: Post object>

irb(main):023:0> Post.find_by_name("Hi")
=> #<Post id: 4, name: "Hi", slug: "Hi", body: "Hi hi hi", created_at: "2010-03-19 20:17:31", updated_at: "2010-03-19 20:17:31">

In [17]: Post.objects.all()
Out[17]: [<Post: Post object>, <Post: Post object>]

irb(main):024:0> Post.find(:all)
=> [#<Post id: 1, name: nil, slug: nil, body: nil, created_at: "2010-03-19 19:58:31", updated_at: "2010-03-19 19:58:31">, #<Post id: 2, name: "Hello", slug: "hello", body: "Hello, this is a post", created_at: "2010-03-19 20:11:34", updated_at: "2010-03-19 20:11:34">, #<Post id: 3, name: nil, slug: nil, body: nil, created_at: "2010-03-19 20:16:04", updated_at: "2010-03-19 20:16:04">, #<Post id: 4, name: "Hi", slug: "Hi", body: "Hi hi hi", created_at: "2010-03-19 20:17:31", updated_at: "2010-03-19 20:17:31">]

In [18]: pp = Post.objects.filter(name="Hi")

In [19]: pp
Out[19]: [<Post: Post object>]
In [20]: pp[0]
Out[20]: <Post: Post object>

irb(main):032:0> pp = Post.where({:name=>"Hi"})
=> #<ActiveRecord::Relation:0xb6aedc04 @arel=nil, @select_values=[], @last=nil, @order_values=[], @group_values=[], ...
irb(main):033:0> pp[0]
=> #<Post id: 4, name: "Hi", slug: "Hi", body: "Hi hi hi", created_at: "2010-03-19 20:17:31", updated_at: "2010-03-19 20:17:31">

In [21]: Post.objects.filter(name__in = ["Hi", "Hello"])
Out[21]: [<Post: Post object>, <Post: Post object>]

irb(main):034:0> pp = Post.where({:name=>["Hi", "Hello"]})
=> #<ActiveRecord::Relation:0xb6ae4c6c @arel=nil, @select_values=
....
irb(main):035:0> pp[0]
=> #<Post id: 2, name: "Hello", slug: "hello", body: "Hello, this is a post", created_at: "2010-03-19 20:11:34", updated_at: "2010-03-19 20:11:34">
irb(main):036:0> pp[1]
=> #<Post id: 4, name: "Hi", slug: "Hi", body: "Hi hi hi", created_at: "2010-03-19 20:17:31", updated_at: "2010-03-19 20:17:31">

In [29]: p = Post.objects.filter(name__in = ["Hi", "Hello"]).only("name")

irb(main):041:0> pp = Post.where({:name=>["Hi", "Hello"]}).select("name")

The query capability and syntax are similar with major differences being,

Rails has dynamically named finders, while Django accepts keyword arguments for same.
SQL operators like in are fired by __ in Django, while Rails infers it based on the data type.

Limit, offset and order

In [30]: p = Post.objects.filter(name__in = ["Hi", "Hello"])[:1]

In [31]: p
Out[31]: [<Post: Post object>]

pp = Post.where({:name=>["Hi", "Hello"]}).select("name").limit(1)

irb(main):049:0> pp[0]
=> #<Post name: "Hello">
irb(main):050:0> pp[1]
=> nil

=> #<Post id: 4, name: "Hi", slug: "Hi", body: "Hi hi hi", created_at: "2010-03-19 20:17:31", updated_at: "2010-03-19 20:17:31">
irb(main):067:0> pp = Post.where({:name=>["Hi", "Hello"]}).limit(1).offset(1)

irb(main):067:0> pp[0]
=> #<Post id: 4, name: "Hi", slug: "Hi", body: "Hi hi hi", created_at: "2010-03-19 20:17:31", updated_at: "2010-03-19 20:17:31">
irb(main):068:0> pp[1]
=> nil

In [34]: p = Post.objects.filter(name__in = ["Hi", "Hello"])[1:2]

In [35]: p[0].name
Out[35]: u'Hi'

In [36]: p[1].name
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
IndexError                                Traceback (most recent call last)

/home/shabda/Code/Django/Weblog/<ipython console> in <module>()

/usr/local/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/django/db/models/query.py in __getitem__(self, k)
    185             qs = self._clone()
    186             qs.query.set_limits(k, k + 1)
--> 187             return list(qs)[0]
    188         except self.model.DoesNotExist, e:
    189             raise IndexError(e.args)

IndexError: list index out of range

In [39]: p = Post.objects.order_by("name")[1:2]

In [40]: p
Out[40]: [<Post: Post object>]

irb(main):069:0> pp = Post.order("name").limit(1).offset(1)

Again fairly similar, both Django and rails provide ordering, offset and limits, while Django does this via array slicing, Rails does this via functions. Also both Django and Rails allow method chaining, and Sql is only evaluated lazily when needed.

Specifying Model associations.

Django: models.ForeignKey
Rails: belongs_to

Django: models.ManyToManyField
Rails: has_and_belongs_to_many

Django: models.OneToOneField
Rails: has_one

Django: No needed
Rails: has_many

Again Rails and Django are similar with Django automatically inferring the reverse relationships.

Polymorphic Associations and Generic Relations

You possibly have pictures in your application which can be attached to any object. Both Django and Rails provide options for it via Polymorphic Associations and Generic Relations

class Picture(models.Model):
    content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType)
    object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
    content_object = generic.GenericForeignKey()

class Article(models.Model):
    body = models.TextField()
    picture =  generic.GenericRelation(Picture)

class BioGraphy(models.Model):
    bio  = models.TextField()
    picture = generic.GenericRelation(Picture)

class Picture < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :imageable, :polymorphic => true
end

class Employee < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :pictures, :as => :imageable
end

class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :pictures, :as => :imageable
end

Self Joins

Self joins are a special case of Foreign key where a Object has a relationship to itself. Both Django and Rails handle it normally via their FK mechanisms

class Employee(models.Model):
    manager = models.ForeignKey("self", related_name = "subordinates")

class Employee < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :subordinates, :class_name => "Employee",
    :foreign_key => "manager_id"
  belongs_to :manager, :class_name => "Employee"
end

References

guides.rails.info djangoproject.com/documentation/

Topics : rails Uncategorized tutorial

Comments

Steve Quinlan 21st March, 2010

Nice article. You can shorten "Post.find(:all)" to "Post.all". In Rails 3.1, the former will be deprecated. For anyone interested, here's what the new ActiveRecord interface will look like, including deprecations:
http://m.onkey.org/2010/1/22/active-record-query-interface

Kyle Fox 21st March, 2010

Correct me if I'm wrong, but the "Defining models" is a bit misleading. Rails' migrations don't actually define the model -- they define the table, and the model is defined by reflecting on the schema. This means your model can still have attributes which are columns on the table, even if those attributes are not defined in a migration.

In Django, however, having the column on the table is not enough; your Python model class must mirror the column definition for you to be able to use that attribute in code.

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There's one part I don't get, maybe I'm just not reading it right. I came here specifically to figure out how to make a "has many" in Django, but your table shows:

Django: No needed
Rails: has_many

What do you mean by no needed? For example, I have Projects which belong to Customers (ForeignKey), but how do set the Customer model so that it knows it has many Projects?

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Reactions

uswaretech 20th March, 2010

http://bit.ly/9YB9gJ A comparision and conversion doc between Django and rails models. on github at http://bit.ly/dAQQUg